In Unicode, two glyphs are said to be Z-variants (often spelled zVariants) if they share the same etymology but have slightly different appearances and different Unicode code points. For example, the Unicode characters U+8AAA 說Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text and U+8AAC 説Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text are Z-variants. The notion of Z-variance is only applicable to the "CJKV scripts"—Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese—and is a subtopic of Han unification.

Differences on the Z-axis

The Unicode philosophy of code point allocation for CJK languages is organized along three "axes." The X-axis represents differences in semantics; for example, the Latin capital A (U+0041 A) and the Greek capital alpha (U+0391 Α) are represented by two distinct code points in Unicode, and might be termed "X-variants" (though this term is not common). The Y-axis represents significant differences in appearance though not in semantics; for example, the traditional Chinese character māo "cat" (U+8C93 貓Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text) and the simplified Chinese character (U+732B 猫Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text) are Y-variants.^[1]

The Z-axis represents minor typographical differences. For example, the Chinese characters (U+838A 莊Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text) and (U+8358 荘Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text) are Z-variants, as are (U+8AAA 說Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text) and (U+8AAC 説Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text). The glossary at Unicode.org defines "Z-variant" as "Two CJK unified ideographs with identical semantics and unifiable shapes,"^[1] where "unifiable" is taken in the sense of Han unification.

Thus, were Han unification perfectly successful, Z-variants would not exist. They exist in Unicode because it was deemed useful to be able to "round-trip" documents between Unicode and other CJK encodings such as Big5 and CCCII. For example, the character 莊Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text has CCCII encoding 21552D, while its Z-variant 荘Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text has CCCII encoding 2D552D. Therefore, these two variants were given distinct Unicode code points, so that converting a CCCII document to Unicode and back would be a lossless operation.

Confusion

There is some confusion over the exact definition of "Z-variant." For example, in an Internet Draft (of RFC 3743) dated 2002,^[2] one finds bù "no" (U+4E0D 不Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text) and (U+F967 不︀Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text) described as "font variants," the term "Z-variant" being apparently reserved for interlanguage pairs such as the Mandarin Chinese tù "rabbit" (U+5154 兔Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text) and the Japanese to "rabbit" (U+514E 兎Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text). However, the Unicode Consortium's Unihan database^[3]Category:All articles with failed verificationCategory:Articles with failed verification from August 2022^{[failed verification – see discussion]} treats both pairs as Z-variants.

See also

Look up z-variant in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Backward compatibility

References