Clear Script
| Clear Script Oirat alphabet | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Script type | |
| Creator | Zaya Pandita |
Period | ca. 1648 – today |
| Direction | Vertical left-to-right  |
| Languages | Oirat Sanskrit Tibetic |
| Related scripts | |
Parent systems | |
Sister systems | Manchu alphabet Vagindra script |
| ISO 15924 | |
| ISO 15924 | Mong (145), MongolianCategory:Scripts with ISO 15924 four-letter codes |
| Unicode | |
Unicode alias | Mongolian |
| U+1800 – U+18AF | |
The Clear Script[note 1] is an alphabet created in 1648 by the Oirat Lamaist monk Zaya Pandita for the Oirat language.[1][2][3] It was developed on the basis of the Mongolian script with the goal of distinguishing all sounds in the spoken language, and to make it easier to transcribe Sanskrit and the Tibetic languages.
History
The Clear Script is a Mongolian script, whose obvious closest forebear is vertical Mongolian. This Mongolian script was derived from the Uyghur alphabet. The Clear Script was developed as a better way to write Mongolian, specifically of the Western Mongolian groups of the Oirats and Kalmyks.[3]: 548 It resolved ambiguities in the written language by assigning symbols to vowels, and adding new symbols and diacritics to show vowels and vowel lengths, and to distinguish between voiced and unvoiced consonants.[3]: 548 [2]: 145 Symbols that were preserved from the traditional Mongolian script were assigned a fixed meaning.[2]: 145
There were even some marks enabling distinctions that were unimportant for words written in the Oirat language but were useful for the transcription of foreign words and names, such as between ši and si.[2]
Usage
The Clear Script was used by Oirat and neighboring Mongols, mostly in the late 17th and early 18th centuries.[2] It was widely used by its creator and others to translate Buddhist works so that they might better spread the Buddhist religion throughout western Mongolia. Though the script was useful for translating works from other languages, especially Tibetan, it was also used more informally, as evidenced by some letters from the late 1690s.[2]
Around the 19th and early 20th centuries, some Altaians in Russia were able utilize the script to read and write texts due to contacts with Mongolian Buddhists.[4]
The script was used by Kalmyks in Russia until 1924, when it was replaced by the Cyrillic script. In Xinjiang, Oirats still use it, although today Mongolian education takes place in Chakhar Mongolian all across China.
Writing in the Clear Script
This script is a vertical script, as was its 'vertical Mongolian' parent script. Letters and diacritics are written along a central axis. Portions of letters to the right of the axis generally slant up, and portions to the left of the axis generally slant down. The only signs that do not follow these rules are the horizontal signs for S, Š, and part of Ö.[2] Words are delineated by a space, as well as different letter forms. Though most letters only come in one shape, there are some letters that look different depending on where in the word they occur, whether they are initial, medial, or final.[3]
Tables
There is an alphabetic order in the Clear Script, as in other related scripts, but the order for it is not the same as its Mongolian parent script. The Clear Script order is: a, e, i, o, u, ö, ü; n, b, x, ɣ, g, k & k’, q, m, l, r, d, t, y, z/ǰ, c/č, s, š, ng, v/w.[2]: 150–151
Vowels
| Single vowelsCategory:All articles with unsourced statementsCategory:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023[citation needed][3]: 548 [5][6][2]: 151 [7]: 555 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Initial | Medial | Final | IPA[5] | Translit. |
Notes[note 3] | |
| Dan. |
ALA- | |||||
| All these form ligatures with a preceding bow-shaped consonant. | ||||||
| ᠠ | ᠠ | ᠠ | ɑ, ∅ | a | Final example ligature: ᡋᠠ ba. This ligated form of final a extends its tail to the left.
Confer Kalmyk Oirat аCategory:Articles containing Oirat-language text a and [∅] Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (help)Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors. This letter's forms are shared with Hudum script a. | |
| ᡄ | ᡄ | ᡄ | e, ∅ | e | Initial/medial/final example ligature: ᡋᡄ be.
Confer Kalmyk Oirat эCategory:Articles containing Oirat-language text è and [∅] Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (help)Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors. | |
| ᡅ | ᡅ | ᡅ | i, ∅ | i | Final example ligature: ᡋᡅ bi. This ligated form of final i differs from the one used elsewhere.
Confer Kalmyk Oirat иCategory:Articles containing Oirat-language text i and [∅] Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (help)Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors. | |
| ᡆ | ᡆ | ᡆ | ɔ | o | Initial/medial/final example ligature: ᡋᡆ bo. This ligated form of o is fully round. The ligature bo is also identical in form to bü.
Confer Kalmyk Oirat оCategory:Articles containing Oirat-language text o and [∅] Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (help)Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors. | |
| ᡇ | ᡇ | ᡇ | ʊ, ∅ | u | Initial/medial/final example ligature: ᡋᡇ bu.
Confer Kalmyk Oirat уCategory:Articles containing Oirat-language text u and [∅] Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (help)Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors. | |
| ᡈ | ᡈ | ᡈ | ø, ∅ | ö | Initial/medial/final example ligature: ᡋᡈ bö. This ligated form of ö is fully round.
Confer Kalmyk Oirat өCategory:Articles containing Oirat-language text ô and [∅] Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (help)Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors. | |
| ᡉ | ᡉ | ᡉ | y, ∅ | ü | Initial/medial/final example ligature: ᡋᡉ bü. The ligatures bü and bo are identical in form.
Confer Kalmyk Oirat үCategory:Articles containing Oirat-language text ù and [∅] Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (help)Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors. | |
Consonants
| Native consonantsCategory:All articles with unsourced statementsCategory:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023[citation needed][9][3]: 548 [5][2]: 151 [6][7]: 555 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Initial | Medial | Final | IPA | Translit. | Notes[10] | |
| Dan. & Kara | ALA-LC | |||||
| ᠨ | ᠨ | ᠨ | n | n | Confer Kalmyk Oirat нCategory:Articles containing Oirat-language text n.
This letter is shared with Hudum n. | |
| ᠨ᠋ | ||||||
| ᡋ | ᡋ | ᡋ | b | b | Confer Kalmyk Oirat бCategory:Articles containing Oirat-language text b.
This letter's initial/medial form is shared with Hudum b. | |
| ᡍ | ᡍ | — | x | x | Used before back vowels.[2]: 149
As in ᡍᠠᠷᠠ xara 'black'.[9]: 121 [5]: 95 [note 11] Confer Kalmyk Oirat хCategory:Articles containing Oirat-language text h. | |
| ᡎ | ᡎ | — | ɢ | ɣ | ġ | Used before vowels.
As in ᡎᠠᠯ ɣal 'fire'.[9]: 63 [5]: 127 [note 12] Confer Kalmyk Oirat һCategory:Articles containing Oirat-language text ḥ. |
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|
— | ɡ | g | As in ᡎᡄᠷ ger 'ger'.[9]: 28 [5]: 136 [note 13]
Confer Kalmyk Oirat гCategory:Articles containing Oirat-language text g. | |
| ᡍ᠋ | ᡍ᠋ | — | k | k | Used before front vowels.[2]: 149
As in ᡍᡈᡍᡈ kökö 'blue'.[9]: 95 [5]: 119 [note 14] Confer Kalmyk Oirat кCategory:Articles containing Oirat-language text k. | |
| — | ᡎ᠋ | ᡎ | ɡ | q | Used syllable-finally,[2]: 151 and irrespective of vowel harmony.[2]: 145
As in ᡔᠠᡎ caq 'time'.[9]: 21 [5]: 244 [note 15] Confer Kalmyk Oirat гCategory:Articles containing Oirat-language text g. | |
| ᡏ | ᡏ | ᡏ | m | m | Confer Kalmyk Oirat мCategory:Articles containing Oirat-language text m.
This letter's initial/medial form is shared with Hudum m. | |
| ᠯ | ᠯ | ᠯ | l | l | Confer Kalmyk Oirat лCategory:Articles containing Oirat-language text l.
This letter is shared with Hudum l. | |
| ᠷ | ᠷ | ᠷ | r | r | Confer Kalmyk Oirat рCategory:Articles containing Oirat-language text r.
This letter is shared with Hudum r. | |
| ᡑ | ᡑ | ᡑ | d | d | Confer Kalmyk Oirat дCategory:Articles containing Oirat-language text d. | |
| ᡐ | ᡐ | — | t | t | Confer Kalmyk Oirat тCategory:Articles containing Oirat-language text t. | |
| ᡕ | ᡕ | — | j | y | Confer Kalmyk Oirat йCategory:Articles containing Oirat-language text j. | |
| ᠴ | ᠴ | — | z | z, ǰ† | z | †. Ambiguous value (z, ǰ) from the 18th century until post-war reform.[2]: 149–150
As in modern/older ᠴᡇᠨ zun 'summer'.[9]: 50 [5]: 274 [note 16] Confer Kalmyk Oirat зCategory:Articles containing Oirat-language text z. |
| ᡓ | ᡓ | — | d͡ʒ | ǰ | — | Introduced in the 1950s.[2]: 149–150, 187
As in modern ᡓᡅᠯ ǰil? (older ᠴᡅᠯ zil) 'year'.[9]: 24 [5]: 257 [note 17] Confer Kalmyk Oirat жCategory:Articles containing Oirat-language text z̆. |
| ᡔ | ᡔ | — | t͡s | c, č† | c | †. Ambiguous value (c, č) from the 18th century until post-war reform.[2]: 149–150
As in modern/older ᡔᠠᡅ cai 'tea'.[9]: 120 [5]: 246 [note 18] Confer Kalmyk Oirat цCategory:Articles containing Oirat-language text c. |
| ᡒ | ᡒ | — | t͡ʃ | č | — | Introduced in the 1950s.[2]: 149–150, 187
As in modern ᡒᡅ či? (older ᡔᡅ ci) 'you'.[9]: 111 [5]: 235 [note 19] Confer Kalmyk Oirat чCategory:Articles containing Oirat-language text č. |
| ᠰ | ᠰ | ᠰ | s | s | Confer Kalmyk Oirat сCategory:Articles containing Oirat-language text s.
This letter is shared with Hudum s. | |
| ᠱ | ᠱ | ᠱ | ʃ | š | ś | Confer Kalmyk Oirat шCategory:Articles containing Oirat-language text s̆.
This letter is shared with Hudum š. |
| — | ᡊ | ᡊ | ŋ | ng | Confer Kalmyk Oirat ңCategory:Articles containing Oirat-language text n̦. | |
| Letters used in foreign wordsCategory:All articles with unsourced statementsCategory:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023[citation needed][3]: 548 [5][6][7]: 555 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Initial | Medial | Final | IPA | Translit. | Notes | |
| Dan. & Kara | ALA-LC | |||||
| ᡌ | ᡌ | — | p | — | f | Confer Kalmyk Oirat пCategory:Articles containing Oirat-language text p. |
| ᡙ | ᡙ | — | h | Confer Kalmyk Oirat гCategory:Articles containing Oirat-language text g. | ||
| ᡘ | ᡘ | ᡘ | — | Confer Kalmyk Oirat гCategory:Articles containing Oirat-language text g. | ||
| ᡗ | ᡗ | — | k | k, k’ | k | Confer Kalmyk Oirat кCategory:Articles containing Oirat-language text k. |
| ᡚ | ᡚ | — | — | j | Confer Kalmyk Oirat җCategory:Articles containing Oirat-language text z̦̆. | |
| — | ᡛ | — | ñ | |||
| ᡜ | ᡜ | — | j | |||
| ᢘ | ᢘ | ᢘ | — | |||
| ᢙ | ᢙ | — | ź | |||
| ᠸ | ᠸ | ᠸ | — | Confer Kalmyk Oirat фCategory:Articles containing Oirat-language text f.
This letter is shared with Hudum w/v. | ||
| ᡖ | ᡖ | ᡖ | w | w/v | v | Confer Kalmyk Oirat вCategory:Articles containing Oirat-language text v. |
Ligatures
| Ligatures[6] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Initial | Medial | Final | Translit. | Notes | |
| Dan. | ALA-LC | ||||
| ᡋᠠ | ᡋᠠ | ᡋᠠ | ba | ||
| ᡋᡄ | ᡋᡄ | ᡋᡄ | be | ||
| ᡋᡅ | ᡋᡅ | ᡋᡅ | bi | ||
| ᡋᡆ | ᡋᡆ | ᡋᡆ | bo | Written the same as bü. | |
| ᡋᡇ | ᡋᡇ | ᡋᡇ | bu | ||
| ᡋᡈ | ᡋᡈ | ᡋᡈ | bö | ||
| ᡋᡉ | ᡋᡉ | ᡋᡉ | bü | Written the same as bo. | |
| ᡗᠠ | ᡗᠠ | ᡗᠠ | ka | ||
| ᡍᡄ | ᡍᡄ | ᡍᡄ | ke | ||
| ᡍᡅ | ᡍᡅ | ᡍᡅ | ki | ||
| ᡗᡆ | ᡗᡆ | ᡗᡆ | ko | ||
| ᡗᡇ | ᡗᡇ | ᡗᡇ | ku | ||
| ᡍᡈ | ᡍᡈ | ᡍᡈ | kö | ||
| ᡍᡉ ⟨?⟩ |
ᡍᡉ ⟨?⟩ |
ᡍᡉ ⟨?⟩ |
kü | [note 20] | |
| ᡘᠠ | ᡘᠠ | ᡘᠠ | ga | ||
| ᡎᡄ ⟨?⟩ |
ᡎᡄ ⟨?⟩ |
ᡎᡄ ⟨?⟩ |
ge | [note 21] | |
| ᡎᡅ ⟨?⟩ |
ᡎᡅ ⟨?⟩ |
ᡎᡅ ⟨?⟩ |
gi | [note 22] | |
| ᡘᡆ | ᡘᡆ | ᡘᡆ | go | ||
| ᡘᡇ | ᡘᡇ | ᡘᡇ | gu | ||
| ᡎᡈ | ᡎᡈ | ᡎᡈ | gö | ||
| ᡎᡉ | ᡎᡉ | ᡎᡉ | gü | ||
| Other bow-shaped ligatures are formed in the same manner. | |||||
See also
Notes
- ↑
- Oirat: ᡐᡆᡑᡆ
ᡋᡅᡒᡅᡎ / Тодо бичиг, romanized: todo bičiq / todo bičigCategory:Articles containing Oirat-language text, [todo bit͡ʃ(ə)k]Category:Pages with Oirat IPA - Mongolian: Тод бичиг / ᠲᠣᠳᠣ
ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ, romanized: tod bichig / todo bičigCategory:Articles containing Mongolian-language text, [tɔd bit͡ʃək]Category:Pages with Mongolian IPA - Russian Buryat: Тодо бэшэг, romanized: Todo beshegCategory:Articles containing Russian Buryat-language text, [tɔdɔ bɛʃək]Category:Pages with Russian Buryat IPA
- Oirat: ᡐᡆᡑᡆ
- ↑ Transliteration
- ↑ Modern Kalmyk Oirat (Cyrillic) equivalent (?)
- ↑ GOST 7.79-2000 (ISO 9:1995)[8]: 9, 16
- ↑ Daniels
- ↑ Should appear without a final left-pointing tail.
- ↑ Should appear with an intervocalic tooth.
- ↑ Should appear with an intervocalic tooth.
- ↑ Should appear without a final left-pointing tail.
- ↑ Should appear without a final left-pointing tail.
- ↑ Confer Kalmyk Oirat харCategory:Articles containing Oirat-language text har; Hudum ᠬᠠᠷᠠ qar‑a; Khalkha харCategory:Articles containing Halh Mongolian-language text khar.
- ↑ Confer Kalmyk Oirat һалCategory:Articles containing Oirat-language text ḥal; Hudum ᠭᠠᠯ ɣal; Khalkha галCategory:Articles containing Halh Mongolian-language text gal.
- ↑ Confer Kalmyk Oirat герCategory:Articles containing Oirat-language text ger; Hudum ᠭᠡᠷ ger; Khalkha гэрCategory:Articles containing Halh Mongolian-language text ger.
- ↑ Confer Kalmyk Oirat көкCategory:Articles containing Oirat-language text kök; Hudum ᠬᠥᠬᠡ köke; Khalkha хөхCategory:Articles containing Halh Mongolian-language text khökh.
- ↑ Confer Kalmyk Oirat цагCategory:Articles containing Oirat-language text cag; Hudum ᠴᠠᠭ čaɣ; Khalkha цагCategory:Articles containing Halh Mongolian-language text tsag.
- ↑ Confer Kalmyk Oirat зунCategory:Articles containing Oirat-language text zun; Hudum ᠵᠤᠨ ǰun; Khalkha зунCategory:Articles containing Halh Mongolian-language text zun.
- ↑ Confer Kalmyk Oirat җилCategory:Articles containing Oirat-language text z̦̆il; Hudum ᠵᠢᠯ ǰil; Khalkha жилCategory:Articles containing Halh Mongolian-language text jil.
- ↑ Confer Kalmyk Oirat цәCategory:Articles containing Oirat-language text ca̋; Hudum ᠴᠠᠢ čai; Khalkha цайCategory:Articles containing Halh Mongolian-language text tsai.
- ↑ Confer Kalmyk Oirat чиCategory:Articles containing Oirat-language text či; Hudum ᠴᠢ či; Khalkha чиCategory:Articles containing Halh Mongolian-language text chi.
- ↑ Should appear as a bow with a down-pointing tooth, followed by a round ü.
- ↑ Should appear in line with be and ke.
- ↑ Should appear in line with bi and ki.
References
- ↑ Yakhantova, N. (2006). "The Mongolian and Oirat Translations of the Sutra of Golden Light" (PDF) (in Chinese and English). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-07.Category:CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Kara, György (2005). Books of the Mongolian Nomads: More Than Eight Centuries of Writing Mongolian. Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies. ISBN 978-0-933070-52-3.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7.
- ↑ Kos'min, V. K. (2007). "Mongolian Buddhism's Influence on the Formation and Development of Burkhanism in Altai". Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia. 45 (3): 43–72. doi:10.2753/aae1061-1959450303. ISSN 1061-1959. S2CID 145805201.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 n/a, Čoyiǰungǰab; Na., Gereltü (1998-05-10). Oyirad ayalɣun-u üges ᠣᠶᠢᠷᠠᠳ ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ (PDF) (in Mongolian). Hohhot: Inner Mongolia University. ISBN 7-81015-892-9. Retrieved 2023-02-06.Category:CS1 uses Mongolian-language script (mn)Category:CS1 Mongolian-language sources (mn)
- 1 2 3 4 5 "Tod-Oirat-Old Kalmyk romanization table" (PDF). Library of Congress. 2012. Retrieved 2023-02-06.
- 1 2 3 4 "The Unicode Standard, Version 15.0 – Core Specification Chapter 13: South and Central Asia-II, Other Modern Scripts" (PDF). Unicode Standard 15.0.0. 2022-09-13. Retrieved 2023-02-06.
- ↑ GOST 7.79-2000 (ISO 9-95; Sistema standartov po informatsii, bibliotechnomu i izdatelskomu delu. Pravila transliteratsii kirillovskogo pisma latinskim alfavitom) ГОСТ 7.79-2000 (ИСО 9-95; Система стандартов по информации, библиотечному и издательскому делу. Правила транслитерации кирилловского письма латинским алфавитом) (PDF) (in Russian).Category:CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Smirnov, Parmen (1857). Kratkiy russko-kalmytskiy slovar Краткій русско-калмыцкій словарь (PDF) (in Russian). Kazan. Retrieved 2023-02-06.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisherCategory:CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru) - ↑ "Bolor Dictionary". Retrieved 2023-02-06.