Spanish language
A manuscript of the Cantar de mio CidCategory:Articles containing Old Spanish-language text, 13th century
Overview
Pronunciation stress Orthography Names
History
Old Middle Influences
Grammar
Determiners Nouns gender Pronouns personal object Adjectives Prepositions Verbs conjugation irregular verbs
Dialects
Andalusian Andean Argentine Belizean Bolivian Canarian Caribbean Central American Chilean Colombian Costa Rican Cuban Dominican Ecuadorian Equatoguinean Guatemalan Honduran Mexican Murcian New Mexican Nicaraguan Paraguay Panamanian Peninsular Peruvian Philippine status Puerto Rican Rioplatense Saharan Salvadoran Standard Uruguayan Venezuelan
Dialectology
Seseo Yeísmo Voseo Leísmo Loísmo
Interlanguages
Llanito Jopara Judaeo-Spanish Portuñol Spanglish Castrapo Creoles Roquetas Pidgin Chavacano or Chabacano Palenquero or Palenque
Teaching
Hispanism RAE Instituto Cervantes

Chilote is a dialect of Spanish language spoken on the southern Chilean islands of Chiloé Archipelago (Spanish: Archipiélago de ChiloéCategory:Articles containing Spanish-language text or simply, Chiloé). It has distinct differences from standard Chilean Spanish in accent, pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary, especially by influences from local dialect of Mapuche language (called huilliche or veliche) and some conservative traits.

After the battle of Curalaba (1598) and the Destruction of the Seven Cities Chiloé was further isolated from the rest of Chile and developed a culture with little influence from Spain or mainland Chile. During the 17th and 18th centuries most of the archipelago's population was bilingual and according to John Byron many Spaniards preferred to use Mapudungun because they considered it more beautiful.^[1] Around the same time, Governor Narciso de Santa María complained that Spanish settlers in the islands could not speak Spanish properly, but could speak Veliche, and that this second language was more used.^[2]

Phonology

• As in Chilean Spanish, the /s/Category:Pages with plain IPA is aspirated at the end of the syllable and the /d/Category:Pages with plain IPA between vowels tends to be removed.
• Aspirated realization of "j" as [h].
• Transformation of the groups [bo, bu]Category:Pages with plain IPA and [ɡo, ɡu]Category:Pages with plain IPA into [wo, wu]Category:Pages with plain IPA.
• Preservation of the nasal consonant velar /ŋ/Category:Pages with plain IPA (written "ng" or "gn") in words of Mapuche origin. This phoneme does not exist in standard Spanish. Eg: culenges [kuˈleŋeh]Category:Pages with plain IPA (In the rest of Chile, it is said culengues [kuˈleŋɡeh]Category:Pages with plain IPA).
• Difference in treatment for "y" and "ll" : From Castro to the north, no difference is made between them, since both are pronounced as [ʝ] (yeísmo). In sectors of the center and the south they are pronounced differently, they can be [ʝ] and [dʒ], [ʝ] and [ʒ] or [dʒ] and [ʒ]. There are also other places in the southern and western parts where they are both pronounced [ʒ].
• It is common for "ch" to be pronounced as a fricative [ʃ], similar to an English "sh". This fricative pronunciation has a social stigma associated in Chile.
• In some places the group "tr" is pronounced differently according to the etymology of the word: if it comes from Spanish, both consonants are clearly pronounced, while if the word comes from Mapudungun, it is pronounced [tɹ]Category:Pages with plain IPA, similar to a "chr". However, in the rest of the places, the words of Mapuche origin that had this consonant have replaced it by the "chr" and in the rest this group is pronounced [tɾ]Category:Pages with plain IPA as in most dialects of Spanish, unlike what occurs in Chilean Spanish, in which you tend to use [tɹ]Category:Pages with plain IPA regardless of the origin of the word.
• Paragoge: A vowel is added to the end of words ending in "r" or "c". Eg: andar [anˈdarə]Category:Pages with plain IPA, Quenac [keˈnakə]Category:Pages with plain IPA.
• The prosodic aspects of Chiloé Spanish have recently been studied and show an ascending intonation.

Morphology

The Spanish of the Chiloé Archipelago shares a number of morphological characteristics with that of northern New Mexico and southern Colorado and with that of rural areas of the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Durango, Sonora, Tlaxcala, Jalisco, and Guanajuato:^[3]

• Second-person preterite forms ending in -ates, -itesCategory:Articles containing Spanish-language text instead of the standard -aste, -isteCategory:Articles containing Spanish-language text.
• Latin -b- is retained in some imperfect conjugations of -erCategory:Articles containing Spanish-language text and -irCategory:Articles containing Spanish-language text verbs, with the preceding -i- diphthongized into the previous vowel, as in: caibanCategory:Articles containing Spanish-language text vs. caíanCategory:Articles containing Spanish-language text, traibaCategory:Articles containing Spanish-language text vs. traíaCategory:Articles containing Spanish-language text, creibanCategory:Articles containing Spanish-language text vs creíanCategory:Articles containing Spanish-language text.
• Verbs ending in -erCategory:Articles containing Spanish-language text are, like those ending in -irCategory:Articles containing Spanish-language text, conjugated in -imosCategory:Articles containing Spanish-language text for both the present and preterite tenses. The reverse occurs in New Mexico and rural Mexico, where -irCategory:Articles containing Spanish-language text verbs can be conjugated -emosCategory:Articles containing Spanish-language text in the present tense.
• Non-standard -g- in many verb roots, such as creigaCategory:Articles containing Spanish-language text 'believe'.
• In their present-tense subjunctive first person plural conjugations, verbs are pronounced with stress on the antepenultimate syllable, instead of on the penultimate one, thus váyamosCategory:Articles containing Spanish-language text and báilemosCategory:Articles containing Spanish-language text instead of vayamosCategory:Articles containing Spanish-language text and bailemosCategory:Articles containing Spanish-language text.
• The clitic pronoun nosCategory:Articles containing Spanish-language text 'we' is often replaced by losCategory:Articles containing Spanish-language text. This is found in Traditional New Mexican Spanish but is not attested within Mexico.

References