Help:IPA/Irish

Category:International Phonetic Alphabet help#Irish

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Irish-language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

See Irish phonology and Irish orthography for a more thorough look at the sounds of Irish and how they are represented in writing, respectively.

Key

Consonants[1]
Broad Slender
IPA Example English approximation IPA Example English approximation
bˠ bain, scuab boot bʲCategory:Pages with plain IPA béal, cnáib beautiful
d̪ˠ dorn, nead do (but dental), though (Ireland) dʲCategory:Pages with plain IPA dearg, cuid media
fˠ fós, graf, pholl fool fʲCategory:Pages with plain IPA fíon, stuif, phríosún fuel
ɡ gasúr, bog goose ɟ geata, carraig argue
ɣ dhorn, ghasúr Spanish higo j[2][3] dhearg, gheata yellow
h[4] Shasana, shean, thaisce, theanga, hata, na héisc hand —
k cáis, mac cart c ceist, mic cube
l̪ˠ[5] labhair, balla filth l̠ʲCategory:Pages with plain IPA[5] leabhair, goilleadh million
lˠ[5] fhlaith, bealach pool lʲCategory:Pages with plain IPA[5] fhleasc, goile leaf
mˠ mór, am moot mʲCategory:Pages with plain IPA milis, im mute
n̪ˠ[6] naoi, donna tenth n̠ʲCategory:Pages with plain IPA[6] ní, bainne inch
nˠ[6] dona noon nʲCategory:Pages with plain IPA[6] bainis opinion
ŋ ngasúr long ɲ ngeata angular
pˠ poll, stop poor pʲCategory:Pages with plain IPA príosún, truip pure
ɾˠ barr, carr rule (but tapped) ɾʲCategory:Pages with plain IPA fhréamh, tirim real (but tapped)
sˠ Sasana, tús, speal soon ʃ sean, cáis sheet
t̪ˠ taisce, ceart tool (but dental), thorn (Ireland) tʲCategory:Pages with plain IPA tír, beirt tune (accents without yod dropping)
w[7][3] bhain, dubh, mhór, léamh, vóta wood or voodoo vʲCategory:Pages with plain IPA bhéal, sibh, mhilis, nimh, veidhlín view
x cháis, taoiseach loch (Scotland) ç cheist, deich, theann, theocht, thiúilip, thiocfadh, thiubh hue (pronounced strongly)
Vowels
IPA Examples English approximation IPA Examples English approximation
a mac trap aː tá father
ɛ ceist best eː mé, gael pay
ɪ ith, duine kit iː mín, naoi mean
ɔ olc, deoch off oː bó, ceol core
ʊ dubh, fliuch good uː tú cool
ə solas, milis sofa —
Diphthongs
IPA Examples English

Approximation

iəCategory:Pages with plain IPA[8] bia idea
uəCategory:Pages with plain IPA[8] fuar truant
əiCategory:Pages with plain IPA[8] saghas light
əuCategory:Pages with plain IPA[8] leabhar about
Suprasegmentals
IPAExplanation
ˈCategory:Pages with plain IPA primary stress (placed before the stressed syllable);
usually the first syllable except in Munster
ˌCategory:Pages with plain IPA secondary stress (usually found only in compounds)

Comparison of transcription schemes

Materials published elsewhere use somewhat different conventions from those used at Wikipedia. For example, it is a longstanding tradition to leave velarized ("broad") consonants unmarked and mark palatalized ("slender") consonants with the prime, but that is not standard IPA usage.

This section compares the IPA system used at Wikipedia (which is based on that used by Ailbhe Ní Chasaide in her description of Irish in the Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, ISBN 0-521-63751-1) with the systems used in some other works.

IPA Ní Chasaide (1999)[9]
(Gweedore)		 Quiggin (1906)[10]
(Glenties)		 Breatnach (1947)[11]
(Ring)		 Ó Sé (2000)[12]
(Dingle Peninsula)		 Mhac an Fhailigh (1968)[13]
(Erris)		 Ó Siadhail (1988)[14]
(Cois Fharraige)		 Foclóir Póca (1993)[15]
(Lárchanúint)
a a æ, α a a a æ:, a: a
aː æ α: a: ɑː a: ɑ: a:
bˠ bˠ b b b b b b
bʲ bʲ b′ b′ b′ b′ b′ b′
c c k′ k′ k′ k′ k′ k′
ç ç ç ç x′ ç x′ x′
d̪ˠ d̪ˠ d d d d d d
dʲ d̠ʲ d′ d′ d′ d′ d′ d′
eː e e: e: eː e: e: e:
ɛ ɛ ɛ, e e e e e e
ə ə ə ə ə, ɪ ə ə ə
əi — αi əi ai əi ai ai
əu au αu əu ou əu au au
fˠ fˠ f f f f f f
fʲ fʲ f′ f′ f′ f′ f′ f′
ɡ ɡ g g ɡ g g g
ɣ ɣ ℊ γ ɣ ɣ ɣ γ
h h h h, h′ h h h h
iː i i: i: iː i: i: i:
ɪ ɪ ï, i, y i i i i i
iə ia iə iə iːə iə i:ə iə
j j j j ɣ′ j ɣ′ γ′
ɟ ɟ g′ g′ ɡ′ g′ g′ g′
k k k k k k k k
l̪ˠ l̪ˠ L l l L L l
lˠ l l
l̠ʲ l̠ʲ L′ l′ l′ L′ L′ l′
lʲ l l′ l′ l′
mˠ mˠ m m m m m m
mʲ mʲ m′ m′ m′ m′ m′ m′
n̪ˠ n̪ˠ N n n N N n
nˠ n n n
n̠ʲ n̠ʲ N′ n′ n′ N′ N′ n′
nʲ n′ n′ n′
ɲ ɲ ɲ ŋ′ ŋ′ ŋ′ ŋ′ ŋ′
ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ
oː o o:, ɔ: o: oː o: o: o:
ɔ ʌ ɔ, o̤ o o o o o
pˠ pˠ p p p p p p
pʲ pʲ p′ p′ p′ p′ p′ p′
ɾˠ ɾˠ r, R r r r r r
ɾʲ ɾʲ r′ r′ r′ r′ r′ r′
sˠ sˠ s s s s s s
ʃ ɕ ʃ ʃ ʃ ʃ s′ s′
t̪ˠ t̪ˠ t t t t t t
tʲ t̠ʲ t′ t′ t′ t′ t′ t′
uː u u: u: uː u: u: u:
ʊ ɤ U u u u u u
uə ua uə uə uːə uə u:ə uə
vʲ vʲ v v′ v′ v′ w′ v′
w w w v v w w v
x x χ x x x x x

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Irish makes contrasts between velarized ("broad") and palatalized ("slender") consonants. Velarized consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ⟨ˠ⟩ (that is not a capital Y but a Latin letter, based on a Greek lowercase gamma, ⟨γ⟩), are pronounced with the back of the tongue raised toward the velum, which happens to the /l/Category:Pages with plain IPA in English pill in some accents like RP and General American but not Hiberno-English. In Irish orthography, broad consonants are surrounded by ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, and ⟨u⟩. Slender consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ⟨ʲ⟩, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate like the articulation of the [j] sound in yes /jɛs/. In Irish orthography, slender consonants are surrounded by ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩.
  2. ↑ Also [ʝ] in some positions in some dialects. In Munster word final /j/Category:Pages with plain IPA is fortified to [ɟ]Category:Pages with plain IPA, merging with /ɟ/Category:Pages with plain IPA.
  3. 1 2 Word final /əj/Category:Pages with plain IPA (⟨(a)idh, (a)igh⟩) and /əw/Category:Pages with plain IPA (⟨(e)abh, (e)amh⟩ or ⟨bh, mh⟩ after an epenthetic schwa) have merged with /ə/Category:Pages with plain IPA in South Connacht. In North Connacht and Ulster they merge with /iː/Category:Pages with plain IPA and /uː/Category:Pages with plain IPA, respectively. In Munster, the former is realised as [əɟ]Category:Pages with plain IPA and the latter as [əvˠ]Category:Pages with plain IPA.
  4. ↑ /h/Category:Pages with plain IPA is both broad and slender.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Few, if any, modern dialects of Irish distinguish all four types of L sound. Most dialects have merged /l̪ˠ/Category:Pages with plain IPA and /lˠ/Category:Pages with plain IPA as [l̪ˠ]Category:Pages with plain IPA, and some have also merged /l̠ʲ/Category:Pages with plain IPA and /lʲ/Category:Pages with plain IPA as [lʲ]Category:Pages with plain IPA. Still others have merged /lˠ/Category:Pages with plain IPA and /lʲ/Category:Pages with plain IPA as [l].
  6. 1 2 3 4 Few, if any, modern dialects of Irish distinguish all four types of N sound. Most dialects have merged /n̪ˠ/Category:Pages with plain IPA and /nˠ/Category:Pages with plain IPA as [n̪ˠ]Category:Pages with plain IPA, and some have also merged /n̠ʲ/Category:Pages with plain IPA and /nʲ/Category:Pages with plain IPA as [nʲ]Category:Pages with plain IPA. Still others have merged /nˠ/Category:Pages with plain IPA and /nʲ/Category:Pages with plain IPA as [n]. In parts of Munster, /n̠ʲ/Category:Pages with plain IPA has merged with /ɲ/Category:Pages with plain IPA in non-initial position.
  7. ↑ [w~βˠ~vˠ]Category:Pages with plain IPA depending on dialect and position.
  8. 1 2 3 4 All Irish diphthongs have falling sonority; they could therefore more precisely be transliterated as [iə̯, uə̯, əi̯, əu̯]Category:Pages with plain IPA.
  9. ↑ Ní Chasaide, Ailbhe (1999). "Irish" (PDF). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 111–116. ISBN 0-521-63751-1.
  10. ↑ Quiggin, E. C. (1906). A Dialect of Donegal: Being the Speech of Meenawannia in the Parish of Glenties . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  11. ↑ Breatnach, Risteard B. (1947). The Irish of Ring, Co. Waterford. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. ISBN 0-901282-50-2. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)Category:CS1 errors: ISBN date#ο
  12. ↑ Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000). Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne (in Irish). Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann. ISBN 0-946452-97-0.Category:CS1 Irish-language sources (ga)
  13. ↑ Mhac an Fhailigh, Éamonn (1968). The Irish of Erris, Co. Mayo. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. ISBN 0-901282-02-2.
  14. ↑ Ó Siadhail, Mícheál (1988). Learning Irish: An Introductory Self-tutor. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-04224-8.
  15. ↑ Foclóir póca: English-Irish/Irish-English dictionary. Dublin: An Gúm. 1993. ISBN 1-85791-047-8.
Category:CS1 Irish-language sources (ga) Category:CS1 errors: ISBN date Category:International Phonetic Alphabet help Category:Pages with plain IPA